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Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. It is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself (NET, uptake 1), and uptake is essential for the drug's action. Once guanethidine has entered the nerve, it is concentrated in transmitter vesicles, where it replaces norepinephrine. It may also inhibit the release of granules by decreasing norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported by uptake 1 into the presynaptic terminal transported by norepinephrine transporter (NET). (In this it competes with norepinephrine so can potentiate exogenously applied norepinephrine.) It becomes concentrated in norepinephrine transmitter vesicles, replacing norepinephrine in these vesicles. This leads to a gradual depletion of norepinephrine stores in the nerve endings. Once inside the terminal it blocks the release of norepinephrine in response to arrival of an action potential.
Guanethidine was once a mainstay for hypertension resistant to other agents, and was often used safely during pregnancy, but it is no longer used in the US due to lack of availability. It is still licensed in some countries, e.g., UK, for the rapid control of blood pressure in a hypertensive emergency. Intravenous nerve block (Bier block) using guanethidine has been used to treat chronic pain caused by complex regional pain syndrome.
COVID-19 Impact Analysis
COVID-19 is an infectious disease that originated in the Hubei province of the Wuhan city in China in late December. The highly contagious disease, caused by a virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is transmitted from human to human. Since the outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 213 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency on March 11, 2020.
Pharmaceutical and biotech companies together with governments around the globe are working to address the COVID-19 outbreak, from supporting the development of vaccines to planning for medicine supply chain challenges. Currently, around 115 vaccine candidates and 155 molecules are in the R&D pipeline. Moreover, commonly used drugs such as Hydroxychloroquine have witnessed a dramatic surge in demand for the management of COVID-19. Such high demand for these drugs has presented huge opportunities for manufacturers of COVID-19 management drugs, as many developed countries are facing shortage of these drugs. Thus, the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is expected to witness a significant growth in the future owing to the demand for vaccine and treatment drugs for COVID-19. This in turn is expected to have a significant impact on the guanethidine market.
Increase in prevalence in the cases of hypertension and stroke is the major driver for guanethidine market. Consumption of junk food, lack of proper healthy and balanced diet, and lack of proper sleep due to irregular work shifts have contributed to the increase in hypertension. Hypertension is the underlying factor for at least 45% of deaths due to heart disease and 51% of deaths due to stroke. Increase in geriatric population is also a reason of increasing hypertension and stroke cases across the globe.
There is availability of many substitutes for the drug which can be the market restraint. Many antihypertensive drugs are available in the market and thiazide diuretics are mainly preferred which inhibits the guanethidine market growth.
Surge in demand from developing countries due to the ongoing pandemic period creates opportunity to attract the investors toward the market growth.
In recent years, guanethidine eye drops have been used in the treatment of two different conditions: chronic simple glaucoma, and endocrine ophthalmopathy, which includes exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia, lid lag and lid retraction, and is often associated with thyroid disease.
Multiple therapeutic actions of guanethidine makes it a potential candidate for research and attracts investors to boost the market growth.
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