Vetronics Market by System Type (Military Communication, Command, and Control System, Sensors (EO/IR) System, Vehicle Electronic Warfare System, Navigation System and Vehicle Protection System) - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014 - 2022 Update Available On-Demand
|
A01424
|
Pages: 103
|
Oct
2016 |
6959 Views
|
|
|
|
Author(s) :
Sumeet Pal
|
Tables: 53
|
Charts: 53
|
Formats*:
|
|
COVID-19
Pandemic disrupted the entire world and affected many industries.
Get detailed COVID-19 impact analysis on the Vetronics Market
Request Now !Vetronics Market Overview :
Vetronics Market is expected to garner $4,362 million by 2022, registering a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period 2016-2022. Vetronics refer to vehicle electronics, which enable military units to integrate various systems such as communication, command, and control; vehicle electronic warfare system; navigation system; vehicle protection systems; and surveillance system to streamline activities such as communication, navigation, surveillance, and vehicle health management.
Get more information on this report : Request Sample Pages
The key factors boosting the growth of the world vetronics market include easy availability of cost-effective components, increased demand for enhanced vetronics, emergence of wireless communication technology, low spending in the defense sector, and domestic capability.
Get more information on this report : Request Sample Pages
Easy availability of cost-effective components
Easy availability of vetronics components saves time and reduces cost of manufacturers. Furthermore, rising competition among vetronics components suppliers is projected to retain the impact of this factor throughout the forecast period.
Increased demand for enhanced vetronics
At present, there is high demand for vetronics equipped with advanced communication and protection technologies. Furthermore, this trend is projected to continue throughout the forecast period due to rising concerns of homeland security and growing competition among countries. As per AMR analysis, the overall impact of the factor is projected to increase by 2022.
Emergence of wireless communication technology
Military units across the globe are inclined towards investing heavily in procuring advanced technology-equipped vetronics systems. Furthermore, the demand for real-time communication vetronics is projected to remain high throughout the forecast period; thereby, increasing the impact of the factor on the market growth.
Get more information on this report : Request Sample Pages
Border insecurity and competition
Increasing breaching incidences at borders has increased the need for deployment of advanced vetronics systems across the globe. Furthermore, the defense sectors across globe have heavily invested in procuring advanced vetronics systems to stay ahead in the competition with neighbor countries. These trends are projected to continue throughout the forecast period, which could increase the impact of this factor to boosts the market growth.
Low spending in defense activities
Countries, such as U.S., Colombia, Russia, and Iraq, have significantly decreased their defense budgets in the past few years. However, defense budget of these countries is projected to increase in the near future due to replacement of obsolete vetronics systems with the latest counterparts. Thus, the impact of the factor is projected to decrease in the future.
Domestic capability
Economic growth in the emerging countries is anticipated to increase the defense spending. This is projected to increase the spending on vetronics systems by the defense sectors. Furthermore, emerging countries are expected to increase their military budget to strengthen their military units. Thus, the impact of this factor is projected to be moderate by 2022.
The following graph signifies the growth potential of the vetronics market based on the system type. The system type segment comprises military communication, command, and control system; sensors (EO/IR) system; vehicle electronic warfare system; and other (navigation system and vehicle protection system). It is observed in the graph that market is predominantly driven by military communication, command, and control systems, which account for the maximum market share. This is attributed to the large-scale adoption of real-time integration platforms and solutions across the globe.
Market players have adopted various strategies to improve their market shares and increase the penetration of their products, worldwide. In the recent past, market players have adopted various strategies, such as R&D and innovation, product launch, partnership, collaboration, and joint venture, expansion, and constituent as their major growth strategies to sustain the stiff competition in the market.
Product launch is the most prominent strategy adopted by key companies, accounting for 23.3% share of the total strategies adopted in the industry. It is closely followed by expansion and constituent strategies with 22.6% and 22.3% shares, respectively.
The prominent players manufacturing and offering vetronics systems are anticipated to continuously invest in research and development activities to develop innovative products and improve the efficiency of the systems. Moreover, these players intend to emphasize on long-term agreement, joint ventures, and partnership with government organizations to increase their profit margins and sustain the stiff competition in the market.
Key Benefits
- The study provides an in-depth analysis of the world vetronics market along with current trends and future estimations to elucidate the imminent investment pockets in the market.
- The report identifies the key drivers, opportunities, and restraints that shape the market along with the impact analysis.
- The report provides a quantitative analysis of the current market and estimations for the period of 20142022 to highlight the financial appetency of the market.
- Porters Five Forces model of the industry illustrates the potency of the buyers and suppliers participating in the market.
- Value chain analysis in the report provides a clear understanding of the roles of stakeholders involved in the value chain.
Vetronics Market Key Segments:
Vetronics Market By System Type
- Military Communication, Command, and Control System
- Sensors (EO/IR) System
- Vehicle Electronic Warfare System
- Other (Navigation System and Vehicle Protection System)
Vetronics Market By Region
- North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- UK
- Germany
- France
- Spain
- Italy
- Rest of Europe
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Singapore
- South Korea
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
- LAMEA
- Latin America
- Middle East
- Africa
Key Players
- Lockheed Martin Corporation
- Leonardo-Finmeccanica S.p.a.
- Saab Group
- Thales S.A.
- General Dynamics Corporation
- Harris Corporation
- Curtiss-Wright Corporation
- BAE Systems PLC
- Raytheon Company
- Rheinmetall AG
Companies mentioned in the report are:
Lingcheng Electronic Technology Co. LTD, Electronics Direct, Astute Electronics, Cobham Defence Communications (CDC), Copenhagen Sensor Technology A/S, Injaz National, Exechon AB, Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa S.A. (PGZ), Danish Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organisation (DALO), Metallizing, Inc. (Bolt's), and Ferrostaal GmbH.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Report description
1.2 Key benefits
1.3 Key market segments
1.4 Research methodology
1.4.1 Secondary research
1.4.2 Primary research
1.4.3 Analyst tools and models
CHAPTER 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 CXO perspective
CHAPTER 3 MARKET OVERVIEW
3.1 Market definition and scope
3.2 Key findings
3.2.1 Top impacting factor
3.2.2 Top winning strategies
3.2.3 Top investment pockets
3.3 Value chain analysis
3.4 Porters five forces analysis
3.4.1 High bargaining Power of buyers
3.4.2 Low bargaining power of suppliers
3.4.3 Competition rivalry
3.4.4 Threat of new entrants
3.4.5 Threat of substitutes
3.5 Market share analysis, 2015 (%)
3.6 Drivers
3.6.1 Easy availability of cost-effective components
3.6.2 Increased demand for enhanced vetronics
3.6.3 Emergence of wireless communication technology
3.6.4 Border insecurity and competition
3.7 Restraints
3.7.1 Low defense spending
3.7.2 Domestic capability
3.8 Opportunities
3.8.1 Advanced navigation technology-based vetronics
3.8.2 Efficient vetronics systems for emerging countries
CHAPTER 4 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, BY SYSTEM TYPE
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Market size and forecast
4.2 Military communication, command and control (C3) system
4.2.1 Key market trends
4.2.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
4.2.3 Market size and forecast
4.3 Sensors (EO/IR) system
4.3.1 Key market trends
4.3.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
4.3.3 Market size and forecast
4.4 Vehicle electronic warfare system
4.4.1 Key market trends
4.4.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
4.4.3 Market size and forecast
4.5 Other (navigation system and vehicle protection system)
4.5.1 Key market trends
4.5.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
4.5.3 Market size and forecast
CHAPTER 5 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, BY REGION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 North America
5.2.1 Key market trends
5.2.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
5.2.3 Market size and forecast
5.2.3.1 U.S.
5.2.3.1.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.2.3.2 Canada
5.2.3.2.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.2.3.3 Mexico
5.2.3.3.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.3 Europe
5.3.1 Key market trends
5.3.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
5.3.3 Market size and forecast
5.3.3.1 United Kingdom
5.3.3.1.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.3.3.2 Germany
5.3.3.2.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.3.3.3 France
5.3.3.3.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.3.3.4 Spain
5.3.3.4.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.3.3.5 Italy
5.3.3.5.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.3.3.6 Rest of Europe
5.3.3.6.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.4 Asia-Pacific
5.4.1 Key market trends
5.4.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
5.4.3 Market size and forecast
5.4.3.1 China
5.4.3.1.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.4.3.2 Japan
5.4.3.2.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.4.3.3 India
5.4.3.3.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.4.3.4 Singapore
5.4.3.4.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.4.3.5 South Korea
5.4.3.5.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.4.3.6 Australia
5.4.3.6.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.4.3.7 Rest of Asia-Pacific
5.4.3.7.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.5 Latin America, Middle East and Africa (LAMEA)
5.5.1 Key market trends
5.5.2 Key growth factors and opportunities
5.5.3 Market size and forecast
5.5.3.1 Latin America
5.5.3.1.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.5.3.2 Middle East
5.5.3.2.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
5.5.3.3 Africa
5.5.3.3.1 MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST
CHAPTER 6 COMPANY PROFILES
6.1 Lockheed Martin Corporation
6.1.1 Company overview
6.1.2 Business performance
6.1.3 Key strategic moves and development
6.2 Leonardo-Finmeccanica S.p.a.
6.2.1 Company overview
6.2.2 Business performance
6.2.3 Key strategic moves and development
6.3 Saab Group
6.3.1 Company overview
6.3.2 Business performance
6.3.3 Strategic moves and developments
6.4 Thales S.A.
6.4.1 Company overview
6.4.2 Business performance
6.4.3 Strategic moves and developments of Thales S.A.
6.5 General Dynamics Corporation
6.5.1 Company overview
6.5.2 Business performance
6.5.3 Strategic moves and developments of General Dynamics Corporation
6.6 Harris Corporation
6.6.1 Company overview
6.6.2 Business performance
6.6.3 Strategic moves and developments of Harris Corporation
6.7 Curtiss-Wright Corporation
6.7.1 Company overview
6.7.2 Business performance
6.7.3 Strategic moves and developments of Curtiss-Wright Corporation
6.8 BAE Systems PLC.
6.8.1 Company overview
6.8.2 Business performance
6.8.3 Strategic moves and developments of BAE Systems PLC.
6.9 Raytheon Company
6.9.1 Company overview
6.9.2 Business performance
6.9.3 Strategic moves and developments of Raytheon Company
6.10 Rheinmetall AG
6.10.1 Company overview
6.10.2 Business performance
6.10.3 Strategic moves and developments of Rheinmetall AG
List of Figures
FIG. 1 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY COUNTRIES SNAPSHOT ($MILLION)
FIG. 1 TOP IMPACTING FACTORS
FIG. 2 TOP WINNING STRATEGIES
FIG. 3 KEY INVESTMENT POCKETS
FIG. 4 VETRONICS SYSTEM MARKET: VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIG. 5 PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
FIG. 6 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2015 (%)
FIG. 7 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 8 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY MILITARY COMMUNICATION, COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM, 2014-2022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 9 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY SENSORS (EO/IR) SYSTEM, 20142022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 10 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY VEHICLE ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM, 20142022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 11 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY OTHER SYSTEM, 20142022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 12 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY REGION, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 13 NORTH AMERICA: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 14 NORTH AMERICA VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 15 NORTH AMERICA VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY COUNTRY, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 16 EUROPE: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 17 EUROPE VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 18 EUROPE VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY COUNTRY, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 19 ASIA-PACIFIC: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 20 ASIA-PACIFIC VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 21 ASIA-PACIFIC VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY COUNTRY, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 22 LAMEA: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
FIG. 23 LAMEA VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 24 LAMEA VETRONICS MARKET, COMPARATIVE MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, BY COUNTRY, 2014 & 2022 (%)
FIG. 25 LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION: REVENUE, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 26 LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2015 (%)
FIG. 27 LEONARDO-FINMECCANICA S.P.A.: REVENUE, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 28 LEONARDO-FINMECCANICA S.P.A.: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2015 (%)
FIG. 29 SAAB GROUP: SALES, 20122015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 30 SAAB GROUP: SALES, BY DIVISION, 2015 (%)
FIG. 31 SAAB GROUP: SALES, BY REGION, 2015 (%)
FIG. 32 THALES S.A.: SALES, 20122015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 33 THALES S.A.: SALES, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT, 2015 (%)
FIG. 34 THALES S.A.: SALES, BY REGION, 2015 (%)
FIG. 35 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION: REVENUE, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 36 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT (%), 2015
FIG. 37 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY REGION (%), 2015
FIG. 38 HARRIS CORPORATION: REVENUE, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 39 HARRIS CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT (%), 2015
FIG. 40 HARRIS CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY SUB-SEGMENT (%), 2015
FIG. 41 HARRIS CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY REGION (%), 2015
FIG. 42 CURTISS-WRIGHT CORPORATION: SALES, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 43 CURTISS-WRIGHT CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT (%), 2015
FIG. 44 CURTISS-WRIGHT CORPORATION: REVENUE, BY REGION (%), 2015
FIG. 45 BAE SYSTEMS PLC.: REVENUE, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 46 BAE SYSTEMS PLC.: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT (%), 2015
FIG. 47 BAE SYSTEMS PLC.: REVENUE, BY REGION (%), 2015
FIG. 48 RAYTHEON COMPANY: REVENUE, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 49 RAYTHEON COMPANY: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT (%), 2015
FIG. 50 RAYTHEON COMPANY: REVENUE, BY REGION (%), 2015
FIG. 51 RHEINMETALL AG: SALES, 20132015 ($MILLION)
FIG. 52 RHEINMETALL AG: REVENUE, BY BUSINESS SEGMENT (%), 2015
FIG. 53 RHEINMETALL AG: REVENUE, BY REGION (%), 2015
List of Tables
TABLE 1 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY REGION, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 2 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 3 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, REGION-WISE REVENUE, BY MILITARY COMMUNICATION, COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 4 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, REGION-WISE REVENUE, BY SENSORS (EO/IR) SYSTEM, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 5 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, REGION-WISE REVENUE, BY VEHICLE ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 6 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, REGION-WISE REVENUE, BY OTHER SYSTEM, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 7 WORLD VETRONICS MARKET, BY REGION, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 8 NORTH AMERICA: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 9 NORTH AMERICA: VETRONICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 10 EUROPE: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 11 EUROPE: VETRONICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 12 ASIA-PACIFIC: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 13 ASIA-PACIFIC: VETRONICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 14 LAMEA: VETRONICS MARKET REVENUE, BY SYSTEM TYPE, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 15 LAMEA: VETRONICS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 20142022 ($MILLION)
TABLE 16 LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATIONCOMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 17 LEONARDO-FINMECCANICA S.P.A.COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 18 SAAB GROUP- COMPANY SNAPSHOT
TABLE 19 THALES S.A.: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 20 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION- SNAPSHOT
TABLE 21 HARRIS CORPORATION- SNAPSHOT
TABLE 22 CURTISS-WRIGHT CORPORATION - SNAPSHOT
TABLE 23 BAE SYSTEMS PLC. - SNAPSHOT
TABLE 24 RAYTHEON COMPANY - SNAPSHOT
TABLE 25 RHEINMETALL AG - SNAPSHOT
The world vetronics market has witnessed considerable growth especially in the Asia-Pacific and LAMEA regions, owing to the increased demand for advanced vetronics systems in these regions to execute border security and surveillance activities. The overall vetronics market is projected to grow at a considerable CAGR during the period of 2016-2022, owing to increasing competition among neighboring countries especially in Asia-Pacific region. Furthermore, replacement market is anticipated to play an important role in the growth of the vetronics market during the forecast period.
The vetronics markets in Asia-Pacific and LAMEA regions are projected to grow at a higher CAGR as compared to that in the developed regions such as North America and Europe. This is primarily attributed to significant decrease in the military spending in these regions. For instance, in 2013, U.S. military spending declined by 7.7% as compared to that in the previous year.
In North America, the U.S. is the most attractive market for prominent players manufacturing and offering vetronics systems. Furthermore, the country is projected to increase its military spending in the coming years to replace the obsolete vetronics systems with latest technology equipped vetronics systems. The UK, Germany, France, and Italy are some of the lucrative market for key players in Europe. Further, these countries are projected to contribute around 65% revenue share of the overall market in the European region by 2022.
In Asia-Pacific region, China and India are projected to be crucial markets for the market players. The military spending in these countries are anticipated to increase at a significant rate during the forecast period, owing to increasing pressure in these countries to enhance the capabilities and efficiency of their military units.
Prominent players operating in the vetronics market are inclined towards investing in their in-house research and development facilities to develop innovate new technologies. Furthermore, continuous investment on R&D activities has enabled the key players to increase profitability and gain competitive edge. For instance, Curtiss-Wright Corporation invested $61 million, $68 million, and $64 million in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, on research and development activities. Thus, prominent vetronics systems manufacturers are anticipated to continuously invest into research and development activities to bring innovation and improve efficiency of the systems. Furthermore, these players have focused on long-term agreements, joint ventures, and partnership with government organizations to increase their profit margin and sustain the stiff competition.
Download Sample
Purchase Full Report of
Vetronics Market- Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014 - 2022
- Online Only
- $3,217
- Online cloud access only
- Restricted print, copy, paste & download
- Read only
- Free quarterly industry update
- Free report update (Within 180 days)
- Subscription model sign in
- Data Pack
- $3,574
- Restricted to one authorized user
- One print only
- Available in
Excel - Free quarterly industry update
- Free report update (Within 180 days)
- Subscription model sign in
- Single User
- $5,398
- Restricted to one authorized user
- One print only
- Available in Excel & PDF
- Free quarterly industry update
- Free report update (Within 180 days)
- Subscription model sign in
- Five Users
- $6,004
- Limited to five authorized users
- Print upto five copies
- Available in Excel & PDF
- Free quarterly industry update
- Free report update (Within 180 days)
- Subscription model sign in
-
Enterprise
License/PDF - $8,373
- Unlimited
within
company/enterprise - Available in Excel & PDF
- Free quarterly industry update
- Free report update (Within 180 days)
- Subscription model sign in
- Library Membership
- $0.00
- Published Content
E-access - Company Profiles
E-access - Newly Added Content Access
- 10 PDF
Downloads - 5 Excel Data
Pack Downloads - 250 Company Profiles PDF Downloads
-
Start reading instantly.
Buy Now
This title and over 12,000+ are available on the Avenue Library. Subscription @ $699 T&C*.
*Taxes/Fees, if applicable will be added during checkout. All prices in USD
Why Allied Market Research?
Infallible Methodology
To ensure high-level data integrity, accurate analysis, and impeccable forecasts
Analyst Support
For complete satisfaction
Customization
On-demand customization of scope of the report to exactly meet your needs
TARGETED MARKET VIEW
Targeted market view to provide pertinent information and save time of readers
Get fresh content delivered
Get insights on topics that are crucial for your business. Stay abreast of your interest areas.